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Harold J. Morowitz
Harold J. Morowitz (born December 4, 1927, in Poughkeepsie, New York) is an American biophysicist who studies the application of thermodynamics to living systems.〔(Guide to the Harold J. Morowitz Papers, 1944-2010 – George Mason University Libraries )〕 Author of numerous books and articles, his work includes technical monographs as well as essays.〔(Harold J. Morowitz bio – George Mason University )〕〔(Editorial Reviews: Entropy and the Magic Flute – Amazon.com )〕 The origin of life has been his primary research interest for more than fifty years.〔(Not Your Grandfather’s Origin of Life Theory – Santa Fe Institute Bulletin )〕 He is currently the Robinson Professor of Biology and Natural Philosophy at George Mason University after a long career at Yale.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://provost.gmu.edu/robinson/about/harold-morowitz/ )〕
==Life and career==
Morowitz received a B.S. in physics and philosophy in 1947, an M.S. in physics in 1950, and a Ph.D. in biophysics in 1951, all from Yale University. Morowitz was a professor in the department of molecular biophysics and biochemistry at Yale from 1955 to 1987, also serving as the Master of Pierson College from 1981 to 1986. He is currently on the faculty at George Mason University, which he joined in 1988 as Clarence Robinson Professor of biology and natural philosophy. He served as the founding director of the Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study at George Mason from 1993 to 1998.〔 Morowitz has been closely associated with the Santa Fe Institute since 1987, where he is Chairman Emeritus of the Science Board. He also served as the founding editor of the journal ''Complexity''.〔(Harold J. Morowitz bio – Cajal on Consciousness Conference )〕〔(Harold J. Morowitz – Santa Fe Institute )〕 In the 1990s he contributed a monthly column on science and society to ''Hospital Practice''.〔
Morowitz is a longtime consultant for NASA, and served on the committees that planned the quarantine procedures for Apollo 11 and the biology experiments the Viking probe carried to the surface of Mars. He was a member of the science advisory committee for Biosphere 2 in Oracle, Arizona, which, at 3.14 acres, is the largest enclosed ecosystem ever built.〔(What People and the Press Have Said About Biosphere 2 – Biospheres.com )〕
Some leading biophysicists have suggested that Morowitz may have discovered a "fourth law of thermodynamics" when, in 1968, he found that, "in steady state systems, the flow of energy through the system from a source to a sink will lead to at least one cycle in the system."〔Variations of the 4th Law of Thermodynamics – Institute of Human Thermodynamics〕 Eric D. Schneider, for example, says, "Morowitz's cycling theorem is the best candidate for a fourth law of thermodynamics."〔(Gaia: Toward a Thermodynamics of Life – Scientists Debate Gaia )〕
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